Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)
‘’‘Protected Geographical Indication’’’ (PGI) is a classification used within the European Union to recognise and protect agricultural products, including wine, that are closely linked to a specific geographic origin. At least one stage of production—such as growing, processing or preparation—must occur within the defined area. In the context of wine, PGI allows for greater flexibility in permitted grape varieties, viticultural practices and stylistic expression compared to the more stringent Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) system. The PGI scheme was established under EU Regulation 510/2006 and continues to be a key element of the Union’s quality policy[1].
Definition and Purpose
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) is a quality scheme established by the European Union to recognise and protect agricultural products and foodstuffs with a distinct regional identity. In the context of wine, PGI serves as a mid-tier classification, allowing for some flexibility in grape sourcing and production methods, while still requiring a verifiable connection to a geographical origin. At least 85% of the grapes used in a PGI wine must come from the specified region, and the production must occur within that area.
PGI complements the more stringent Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) framework, offering producers more room for experimentation and adaptation to market demands. The scheme is particularly useful in regions undergoing transition or diversification, where traditional methods may not fully align with contemporary viticultural practices[2].
Application in Wine Labelling and Trade
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) serves as a mid-tier designation within the European Union’s system of geographical indications, positioned between the broader Table wine category and the stricter Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). PGI indicates that a wine originates in a specific place, region, or country and that at least one stage of production—be it vinification, fermentation, or bottling—takes place within that area. However, the grapes themselves may originate partly from outside the specified region, offering producers more flexibility in grape sourcing and technique.
The PGI framework is designed to encourage innovation and regional identity without requiring full adherence to traditional practices. This latitude has made PGI an appealing classification for newer producers, experimental cuvées, and international varietals that do not always conform to historical norms. It also serves as a useful platform for regions seeking to establish a reputation for quality without yet qualifying for PDO status.
While PGI-labelled wines must meet general EU standards for labelling and traceability, the requirements are generally less restrictive than those for PDO wines, allowing for greater stylistic variety and marketing flexibility.
Cultural and Economic Significance
The Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) system not only provides a framework for quality assurance but also reinforces the cultural identity and economic sustainability of wine-producing regions across Europe. By linking products to specific geographic origins, PGI promotes regional heritage, supports rural economies, and incentivises producers to maintain traditional practices while also allowing for modernisation and stylistic flexibility.
For consumers, PGI labelling offers a way to explore regional typicity without the constraints of strict appellation laws. Wines under this designation often represent a balance between authenticity and innovation, appealing to both traditionalists and those seeking new expressions. For producers, PGI status can provide valuable market differentiation and access to broader export opportunities, particularly in competitive international markets where origin-based marketing plays a growing role.
The development of PGI and its integration within EU trade policy reflects broader economic and legal trends aimed at protecting intellectual property and agricultural heritage, as noted in historical analyses of market transformation and regulation[3].
PGI in wine labelling and regulation
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) wines must meet specific criteria set by the relevant national and European authorities. At least 85% of the grapes used must come from the named geographical area, and the production must follow documented techniques associated with the region. However, unlike PDO wines, the link between quality and origin is not required to be as strict. This allows greater flexibility in grape varieties, blends and winemaking practices, which can benefit emerging regions or producers exploring new expressions of local terroir.
The PGI label is recognised across the EU and is subject to legal protection under EU Regulation No. 1308/2013, ensuring authenticity and preventing misuse of regional names. Wines labelled as PGI must be officially registered and undergo evaluation to confirm compliance with established specifications.
Implementation and regulation
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) is regulated at the EU level through a harmonised legal framework that governs quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs, including wine. To qualify for PGI status, at least one stage of production, processing or preparation must take place in the defined geographical area. Unlike PDO wines, PGI wines permit greater flexibility in terms of grape varieties, winemaking techniques and yield levels, although basic quality standards must still be met.
National authorities are responsible for monitoring compliance within their respective countries, while the European Commission maintains the central register and legal oversight. As of the 2020s, PGI-labelled wines must appear on the EU’s official eAmbrosia register, which consolidates recognised designations across member states.[4].
Application in the wine sector
The PGI designation plays a vital role in supporting regional viticulture and promoting wine identity within the European Union. While less restrictive than PDO classifications, PGI wines must still adhere to defined criteria concerning grape origin, basic winemaking practices, and labelling standards.
To qualify for PGI status, at least 85% of the grapes used in production must originate from the geographical area indicated on the label. Winemakers must also follow registration and inspection protocols defined by national authorities and aligned with EU regulations[5].
The relative flexibility of PGI status has enabled innovation and regional growth, particularly in areas with a less rigid winemaking tradition or emerging reputations. Unlike PDO wines, PGI wines are permitted to list international grape varieties, use experimental blends, and avoid traditional ageing methods when desired. As such, PGI has been instrumental in fostering competitiveness and stylistic diversity within European wine markets[6].
Style and flexibility
The PGI framework is intentionally broad, allowing producers to adapt to market demands while maintaining a connection to regional identity. This flexibility is often reflected in grape selection, winemaking techniques and labelling. Unlike more rigid classifications, PGI wines may incorporate non-traditional grape varieties or production methods, provided that at least one stage of production occurs within the defined area.
This balance between regulation and innovation has contributed to the appeal of PGI wines, particularly among younger producers or those working outside historic appellations. It also supports regional economic development, enabling winegrowers to experiment without forfeiting recognition of geographical origin.
Comparison with other classifications
PGI is part of the European Union’s wine classification hierarchy, sitting below Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) in terms of regulatory strictness. While PDO wines must adhere to traditional methods and established regional practices, PGI wines are granted more latitude, particularly in terms of grape variety, blending, and winemaking technique.
Outside of Italy, PGI corresponds to terms like Indication Géographique Protégée (IGP) in France or Vino de la Tierra in Spain. Within Italy, PGI aligns closely with Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT), both serving as classifications for regionally distinct wines that do not conform to the stricter DOC or DOCG rules.
See also
Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT)
Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC)
Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG)
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)
References
- ↑ European Commission, "Geographical indications and quality schemes explained", https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/farming/geographical-indications-and-quality-schemes/geographical-indications-and-quality-schemes-explained_en, accessed August 2025.
- ↑ Bernard Marr, "PDO and PGI: Understanding Quality Indicators in European Wine", https://bmwineguide.co.uk/pdo-and-pgi-understanding-quality-indicators-in-european-wine/, accessed August 2025.
- ↑ Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation, Beacon Press, 1957, p. 304.
- ↑ Per Karlsson, ‘‘The European wine classification system, AOP, DOC, PGI, PDO etc’’, BKWine Magazine, 17 April 2021, https://www.bkwine.com/features/more/european-wine-classification-system/, accessed August 2025.
- ↑ European Commission, ‘‘Geographical indications and quality schemes explained’’, https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/farming/geographical-indications-and-quality-schemes/geographical-indications-and-quality-schemes-explained_en, accessed August 2025.
- ↑ Per Karlsson, ‘‘The European wine classification system, AOP, DOC, PGI, PDO etc’’, BKWine Magazine, 17 April 2021, https://www.bkwine.com/features/more/european-wine-classification-system/, accessed August 2025.