Middle Ages
Wine in the Middle Ages refers to the production, trade, and consumption of wine in Europe between the 5th and 15th centuries, a period marked by the decline of Roman viticultural systems, the influence of monastic orders, and the gradual emergence of regional wine specialisation. The era saw both continuity and adaptation in viticultural practices, shaped by political, economic, and climatic conditions[1].
Background
Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, viticulture persisted in many parts of Europe, although on a reduced scale. The decline in long-distance trade led to a more localised wine economy, with production focused on meeting regional needs[2]. In northern regions, beer often supplanted wine, but in southern Europe, winemaking remained integral to agriculture and diet.
Characteristics
Medieval wine was often lower in alcohol and less stable than modern equivalents, making it prone to spoilage. Techniques for preservation, such as adding herbs or spices, were common[3]. White wines were generally preferred to reds in many courts, and sweet styles commanded high value. Vintage differentiation was rare, with most wines consumed within a year of production.
Geography
Vineyards in the Middle Ages were concentrated in areas with both suitable climate and political stability. France’s Loire, Burgundy, and Bordeaux regions grew in prominence, while Germany’s Rhine and Moselle valleys became known for quality white wines[4]. The Mediterranean basin maintained ancient vineyards, with Italy and the Iberian Peninsula continuing as major producers.
Production
Monastic orders, particularly the Benedictines and Cistercians, played a crucial role in advancing viticultural knowledge and improving vineyard management[5]. Their meticulous record-keeping and systematic approaches helped refine pruning, planting, and harvesting techniques. Wine presses became more widespread, increasing efficiency, and wooden barrels gradually replaced clay amphorae for storage and transport.
Trade
The wine trade flourished in regions with access to navigable rivers and maritime routes. Bordeaux exported to England under the Plantagenets, while the Hanseatic League facilitated the movement of Rhine wines to northern Europe[6]. Trade privileges and political alliances often determined which regions prospered in the export market.
See also
References
- ↑ Unwin, *Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade*, Routledge, 1991, ISBN 978-0415075370.
- ↑ Phillips, *A Short History of Wine*, HarperCollins, 2001, ISBN 978-0066212820.
- ↑ Johnson, *The Story of Wine*, Mitchell Beazley, 2021, ISBN 978-1784727680.
- ↑ Lachiver, *Vins, vignes et vignerons: Histoire du vignoble français*, Fayard, 1988, ISBN 978-2213019029.
- ↑ Toussaint-Samat, *Histoire technique et morale du vin*, Albin Michel, 1994, ISBN 978-2226069266.
- ↑ Unwin, *Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade*, Routledge, 1991, ISBN 978-0415075370.