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'''Pinot Gris''' (/ˈpiːnoʊ ˈɡriː/; French for "grey Pinot") is a white grape variety of the species ''Vitis vinifera'', cultivated worldwide for the production of a wide range of wine styles. Known in Italy as '''Pinot Grigio''' (/ˈpiːnoʊ ˈɡriːdʒioʊ/; Italian for "grey Pinot"), the variety is genetically identical, with stylistic and naming differences largely reflecting regional winemaking traditions and market positioning<ref>Robinson, Harding & Vouillamoz, ''Wine Grapes'', HarperCollins, 2012, ISBN 978-0062206367.</ref>.  

Believed to have originated in [[Burgundy]], Pinot Gris spread eastward to [[Alsace]] and into northern [[Italy]], where the term Pinot Grigio became associated with lighter, crisper expressions<ref>Robinson (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to Wine'', Oxford University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0198705383.</ref>. Today, it is among the most widely planted white grape varieties in the world, with notable production in France, Italy, Germany, the United States, Australia and New Zealand<ref>Johnson & Robinson, ''The World Atlas of Wine'', 8th ed., Mitchell Beazley, 2019, ISBN 978-1784724030.</ref>.

== History ==
The earliest references to Pinot Gris date to the Middle Ages in Burgundy, where it was valued for its distinctive greyish-blue skins and versatility in winemaking<ref>Robinson, Harding & Vouillamoz, ''Wine Grapes'', HarperCollins, 2012, ISBN 978-0062206367.</ref>. From there, it migrated to Alsace and the Swiss cantons, eventually reaching northern Italy by the 19th century. In Italy, plantings became concentrated in [[Veneto]], [[Friuli Venezia Giulia]], and [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]]<ref>Robinson (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to Wine'', Oxford University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0198705383.</ref>.  

The Italian term Pinot Grigio rose to international prominence in the second half of the 20th century, particularly in export markets such as the United States and the United Kingdom, where consumers embraced the light, approachable style<ref>Decanter, "Pinot Grigio: Italy’s Most Exported White", decanter.com, 2021.</ref>. Meanwhile, in Alsace, Pinot Gris retained a reputation for richer, spicier wines with more pronounced texture.

== Viticulture and Characteristics ==
Pinot Gris is a pale-skinned mutation of [[Pinot Noir]]<ref>Robinson (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to Wine'', Oxford University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0198705383.</ref>. The berries range in colour from greyish-blue to pinkish-brown, with wines generally classified as white despite the darker skins. The grape buds early and ripens relatively early, which can make it susceptible to spring frost but allows it to thrive in cooler climates<ref>Wine Folly, "Pinot Grigio Wine Guide", winefolly.com.</ref>.  

Typical flavour profiles vary widely: lighter styles often show citrus, green apple and floral notes, while riper or late-harvest examples can display stone fruit, honey and spice. Acidity ranges from bright and refreshing to soft and rounded, depending on climate and harvest date<ref>Goode, ''The Science of Wine: From Vine to Glass'', University of California Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0520275751.</ref>.

== Styles and Winemaking ==
In Italy, particularly within the [[Delle Venezie DOC]], Pinot Grigio is typically made in a light-bodied, unoaked style, fermented at cool temperatures in stainless steel to preserve freshness<ref>Consorzio delle Venezie DOC, "Pinot Grigio Disciplinare di Produzione", consorziodellevenezie.it.</ref>. In contrast, Alsace producers may employ longer hang times, skin contact and barrel ageing to develop fuller-bodied wines with complex aromatics.  

Beyond Europe, styles vary: in Oregon and New Zealand, the grape often balances ripe fruit with crisp acidity, while in warmer Australian regions, tropical fruit notes may dominate<ref>Johnson & Robinson, ''The World Atlas of Wine'', 8th ed., Mitchell Beazley, 2019, ISBN 978-1784724030.</ref>. The variety can also be used in [[sparkling wine]] production and, in rare cases, vinified as a skin-contact “orange” wine.

== Comparison of Italian and French Styles ==
Although Pinot Gris and Pinot Grigio refer to the same grape, stylistic differences between French and Italian expressions are well established.  

In Alsace, Pinot Gris is often medium- to full-bodied, with richer texture, moderate acidity, and pronounced flavours of ripe pear, peach, honey and sometimes smoky or spicy notes<ref>Robinson (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to Wine'', Oxford University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0198705383.</ref>. Residual sugar is more common, particularly in late-harvest ''Vendange Tardive'' and ''Sélection de Grains Nobles'' wines.  

In north-eastern Italy, Pinot Grigio tends toward light- to medium-bodied wines with higher acidity, restrained aromatics, and a flavour profile of citrus, green apple and almond<ref>Wine Folly, "Pinot Grigio Wine Guide", winefolly.com.</ref>. The style is typically dry, with minimal oak influence, and is intended for early consumption. These differences are primarily the result of harvest timing, yield management, and winemaking choices rather than genetic variation.

== Geography and Distribution ==
France’s largest plantings are in Alsace, where Pinot Gris is one of the four ''noble'' varieties permitted in Grand Cru wines<ref>Robinson, Harding & Vouillamoz, ''Wine Grapes'', HarperCollins, 2012, ISBN 978-0062206367.</ref>. Italy remains the world leader in Pinot Grigio production, with vast areas dedicated to the grape under DOC and IGT classifications.  

Significant plantings also exist in Germany (as Grauburgunder or Ruländer), the United States (particularly Oregon and California), Australia, New Zealand and parts of South America<ref>Johnson & Robinson, ''The World Atlas of Wine'', 8th ed., Mitchell Beazley, 2019, ISBN 978-1784724030.</ref>.

== Market and Reputation ==
The rapid expansion of Pinot Grigio exports from Italy in the late 20th century has led to a dual reputation. On one hand, it is celebrated for its accessibility and versatility; on the other, critics argue that mass-market production can lead to wines lacking in complexity<ref>Decanter, "Pinot Grigio: Italy’s Most Exported White", decanter.com, 2021.</ref>.  

In response, quality-focused producers have emphasised lower yields, careful site selection and more expressive winemaking techniques to highlight the grape’s potential for depth and ageworthiness<ref>Robinson, Harding & Vouillamoz, ''Wine Grapes'', HarperCollins, 2012, ISBN 978-0062206367.</ref>.

== See also ==
*[[Alsace wine]]
*[[Italian wine]]
*[[White wine]]
*[[Grape varieties]]
*[[Pinot Noir]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Grape varieties]]
[[Category:Pinot family]]