Bud: Difference between revisions

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'''Bud''' refers to a dormant, embryonic shoot structure on the grapevine that contains the potential for future vegetative growth and fruit production. [[Buds]] are formed during the growing season preceding their growth and play a central role in vine phenology, yield determination and frost sensitivity in viticulture.<ref>Robinson ~~(ed.)~~, ''~~The~~ Oxford Companion to Wine'', Oxford University Press, 2015, ISBN 9780198705383.</ref>

'''Bud''' refers to a dormant, embryonic shoot structure on the grapevine that contains the potential for future vegetative growth and fruit production. [[Buds]] are formed during the growing season preceding their growth and play a central role in vine phenology, yield determination and frost sensitivity in viticulture.<ref>Jancis Robinson, ''Oxford Companion to Wine'', Oxford University Press, 17 Sept. 2015. ISBN 9780198705383.</ref>

In the annual growth cycle of the vine, buds develop, enter dormancy, and subsequently resume growth at [[budburst]] in spring.

== Bud structure ==

[[Grapevine]] buds are classified as compound buds, typically consisting of a primary bud accompanied by one or more secondary (and sometimes tertiary) buds. The primary bud is usually the most fertile and is responsible for the majority of crop production, while secondary buds may develop if the primary bud is damaged, for example by spring frost.<ref>Mullins, Bouquet & ~~Williams~~, ''Biology of the Grapevine'', Cambridge University Press, ~~1992~~, ISBN ~~9780521305074~~.</ref>

[[Grapevine]] buds are classified as compound buds, typically consisting of a primary bud accompanied by one or more secondary (and sometimes tertiary) buds. The primary bud is usually the most fertile and is responsible for the majority of crop production, while secondary buds may develop if the primary bud is damaged, for example by spring frost.<ref>Michael G. Mullins, Alain Bouquet, Larry E. Williams, & 0 more, ''Biology of the Grapevine'', Cambridge University Press, July 30, 2007. ISBN 9780521038676.</ref>

Each bud contains pre-formed [[shoot]] tissues, leaf primordia and, in many cases, inflorescence initials that determine potential fruitfulness before the following season begins.

== Bud initiation and fertility ==

Bud initiation occurs during the growing season prior to budburst, typically from shortly after flowering until veraison. During this period, environmental factors such as light exposure, temperature and vine balance strongly influence bud fertility, defined as the number of inflorescences per shoot that the bud can produce.<ref>Winkler ~~et al~~., ''General Viticulture'', University of California Press, 1974, ISBN ~~9780520025911~~.</ref>

Bud initiation occurs during the growing season prior to budburst, typically from shortly after flowering until veraison. During this period, environmental factors such as light exposure, temperature and vine balance strongly influence bud fertility, defined as the number of inflorescences per shoot that the bud can produce.<ref>A. J. Winkler, James A. Cook, William Mark Kliewer, Lloyd A. Lider, ''General Viticulture'', University of California Press, December 13, 1974. ISBN 9780520025912.</ref>

[[[[Canopy]] management]] practices that improve light penetration, such as shoot positioning and leaf removal, are therefore critical to achieving consistent yields in the following year.<ref>Smart & Robinson, ''Sunlight into Wine'', Winetitles, 1991, ISBN 9781875130125.</ref>

== Dormancy and budburst ==

After leaf fall, buds enter a period of [[dormancy]] during winter. Dormancy protects the bud from cold temperatures but also creates a requirement for chilling before growth can resume. Once chilling requirements are met and temperatures rise sufficiently, buds swell and open at budburst, marking the start of the new growing season.<ref>Keller, ''The Science of Grapevines''~~, 2nd ed.~~, Academic Press, 2015, ISBN 9780124199873.</ref>

After leaf fall, buds enter a period of [[dormancy]] during winter. Dormancy protects the bud from cold temperatures but also creates a requirement for chilling before growth can resume. Once chilling requirements are met and temperatures rise sufficiently, buds swell and open at budburst, marking the start of the new growing season.<ref>Markus Keller, ''The Science of Grapevines: Anatomy and Physiology'', Academic Press Inc, 19 Jan. 2015. ISBN 9780124199873.</ref>

The timing of budburst is a critical factor in cool and continental climates, as early budburst increases the risk of damage from spring frosts.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Bud''' refers to a dormant, embryonic shoot structure on the grapevine that contains the potential for future vegetative growth and fruit production. [[Buds]] are formed during the growing season preceding their growth and play a central role in vine phenology, yield determination and frost sensitivity in viticulture.<ref>Robinson (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to Wine'', Oxford University Press, 2015, ISBN 9780198705383.</ref>
+'''Bud''' refers to a dormant, embryonic shoot structure on the grapevine that contains the potential for future vegetative growth and fruit production. [[Buds]] are formed during the growing season preceding their growth and play a central role in vine phenology, yield determination and frost sensitivity in viticulture.<ref>Jancis Robinson, ''Oxford Companion to Wine'', Oxford University Press, 17 Sept. 2015. ISBN 9780198705383.</ref>
 In the annual growth cycle of the vine, buds develop, enter dormancy, and subsequently resume growth at [[budburst]] in spring.
 == Bud structure ==
-[[Grapevine]] buds are classified as compound buds, typically consisting of a primary bud accompanied by one or more secondary (and sometimes tertiary) buds. The primary bud is usually the most fertile and is responsible for the majority of crop production, while secondary buds may develop if the primary bud is damaged, for example by spring frost.<ref>Mullins, Bouquet & Williams, ''Biology of the Grapevine'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 9780521305074.</ref>
+[[Grapevine]] buds are classified as compound buds, typically consisting of a primary bud accompanied by one or more secondary (and sometimes tertiary) buds. The primary bud is usually the most fertile and is responsible for the majority of crop production, while secondary buds may develop if the primary bud is damaged, for example by spring frost.<ref>Michael G. Mullins, Alain Bouquet, Larry E. Williams, & 0 more, ''Biology of the Grapevine'', Cambridge University Press, July 30, 2007. ISBN 9780521038676.</ref>
 Each bud contains pre-formed [[shoot]] tissues, leaf primordia and, in many cases, inflorescence initials that determine potential fruitfulness before the following season begins.
 == Bud initiation and fertility ==
-Bud initiation occurs during the growing season prior to budburst, typically from shortly after flowering until veraison. During this period, environmental factors such as light exposure, temperature and vine balance strongly influence bud fertility, defined as the number of inflorescences per shoot that the bud can produce.<ref>Winkler et al., ''General Viticulture'', University of California Press, 1974, ISBN 9780520025911.</ref>
+Bud initiation occurs during the growing season prior to budburst, typically from shortly after flowering until veraison. During this period, environmental factors such as light exposure, temperature and vine balance strongly influence bud fertility, defined as the number of inflorescences per shoot that the bud can produce.<ref>A. J. Winkler, James A. Cook, William Mark Kliewer, Lloyd A. Lider, ''General Viticulture'', University of California Press, December 13, 1974. ISBN 9780520025912.</ref>
 [[[[Canopy]] management]] practices that improve light penetration, such as shoot positioning and leaf removal, are therefore critical to achieving consistent yields in the following year.<ref>Smart & Robinson, ''Sunlight into Wine'', Winetitles, 1991, ISBN 9781875130125.</ref>
 == Dormancy and budburst ==
-After leaf fall, buds enter a period of [[dormancy]] during winter. Dormancy protects the bud from cold temperatures but also creates a requirement for chilling before growth can resume. Once chilling requirements are met and temperatures rise sufficiently, buds swell and open at budburst, marking the start of the new growing season.<ref>Keller, ''The Science of Grapevines'', 2nd ed., Academic Press, 2015, ISBN 9780124199873.</ref>
+After leaf fall, buds enter a period of [[dormancy]] during winter. Dormancy protects the bud from cold temperatures but also creates a requirement for chilling before growth can resume. Once chilling requirements are met and temperatures rise sufficiently, buds swell and open at budburst, marking the start of the new growing season.<ref>Markus Keller, ''The Science of Grapevines: Anatomy and Physiology'', Academic Press Inc, 19 Jan. 2015. ISBN 9780124199873.</ref>
 The timing of budburst is a critical factor in cool and continental climates, as early budburst increases the risk of damage from spring frosts.